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                <title>Epitaph of the freedman and alumnus Aurelius Timavius by his patron Aurelius Maximus</title>
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                    <name>Fabio Spalla</name>
                    <note></note>
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                                    Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
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                                <name>Aurelius Timavius</name>
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                        <person gender="Male" age="none" role="Dedicator">
                            <persName>
                                <name>Aurelius Maximus</name>
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            <change when="2025-09-16T09:48:36" who="Fabio Spalla"></change>
            <change when="2025-09-16T10:17:04" who="Fabio Spalla"></change>
            <change when="2025-09-16T10:54:08" who="Fabio Spalla"></change>
            <change when="2025-09-16T10:55:20" who="Fabio Spalla"></change>
            <change when="2025-09-16T10:56:09" who="Fabio Spalla"></change>
            <change when="2025-10-08T14:36:46" who="Chiara Cenati"></change>
            <change when="2025-10-10T08:16:54" who="Fabio Spalla"></change>
            <change when="2025-10-10T08:18:38" who="Fabio Spalla"></change>
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            <change when="2025-10-10T10:48:21" who="Chiara Cenati"></change>
            <change when="2026-09-04T12:39:19" who="Anna Martelli"></change>
            <change when="2026-09-04T12:39:21" who="Anna Martelli"></change>
            <change when="2026-09-04T12:39:24" who="Anna Martelli"></change>
            <change when="2026-09-04T12:41:08" who="Anna Martelli"></change>
            
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        <graphic url="https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/bilder/K_/K_IKoeln_00404a.jpg"><desc>Source: EDCS-01200210
(c) Museum RGM Köln</desc></graphic>
        <graphic url="https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/bilder/K_/K_IKoeln_00404b.jpg"><desc>Source: EDCS-01200210
(c) Museum RGM Köln</desc></graphic>
        
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        <body>
            <div type="edition" xml:space="preserve" xml:lang="la">
                <ab>
<div type="textpart" subtype="section" n="Front (A):">
<ab type="praescriptum">
<lb n="1"/><expan><abbr>D</abbr><ex>is</ex></expan> <expan><abbr>M</abbr><ex>anibus</ex></expan>.
<lb n="2"/>Aurelio Timavio,
<lb n="3"/>alumno dulcissim<lb n="4" break="no"/>o <hi rend="ligature">et</hi> san<supplied reason="lost">ctissi</supplied>mo, q<lb n="5" break="no"/>ui vix<supplied reason="lost">it annos</supplied> <num value="17">XVII</num>,
<lb n="6"/>Aurel<supplied reason="lost">ius Maxi</supplied>mus
<lb n="7"/>patron<supplied reason="lost">us</supplied> <supplied reason="subaudible">posuit</supplied>.</ab>
<ab><lg met="dactylic.hexameter">
<l met="dactylic.hexameter"><supplied reason="lost">D</supplied><unclear>a</unclear>rdan<lb n="8" break="no"/>ia <subst><del rend="corrected">s</del><add place="overstrike">g</add></subst>enitus istic, mi<lb n="9" break="no"/>hi care Timavi,</l>
<l met="dactylic.hexameter">post <lb n="10"/>varios cas<surplus>s</surplus>us, post <lb n="11"/>tot discrimina re<lb n="12" break="no"/>rum,</l>
<l met="dactylic.hexameter">deseris, heu, pul<lb n="13" break="no"/>chram primaevo <lb n="14"/><unclear>fl</unclear><space quantity="2" unit="character"/>ore iuven<hi rend="tall">t</hi><unclear>am</unclear>.</l>
</lg></ab></div>
<div type="textpart" subtype="section" n="Back (B):">
<ab type="praescritpum">
<lb n="15"/><expan><abbr>D</abbr><ex>is</ex></expan> <add place="inline"><unclear>Aurelio</unclear> <w lemma="Timavio" part="I">Ti</w></add> <expan><abbr>M</abbr><ex>anibus</ex></expan>.
<lb n="16"/><w lemma="Timavio" part="F">mavio</w> liberto alu<lb n="17" break="no"/>mno Aureli Maximi.
</ab>
<ab><lg met="trochaic.septenarius">
<l met="trochaic.septenarius"><lb n="18"/>Tu, Timav<supplied reason="lost">i, d</supplied>ulcem no<lb n="19" break="no"/>men, du<supplied reason="lost">lcib</supplied>us votis ad<lb n="20" break="no"/><unclear>e</unclear>s:</l>
<l met="trochaic.septenarius">spiritu<unclear>m</unclear>, <supplied reason="lost">que</supplied>m tu ferebas, <lb n="21"/><unclear>c</unclear>orpore e<hi rend="tall">l</hi>abi sacrum,</l>
<l met="trochaic.septenarius">co<lb n="22" break="no"/>rpus ut terram mane<lb n="23" break="no"/>re spiritum celum sequi,</l>
<l met="trochaic.septenarius"><lb n="24"/>spiritum movere cunc<lb n="25" break="no"/>ta, spiritum esse quod deu<lb n="26" break="no"/>m.</l>
<l met="trochaic.septenarius">Cum mihi extremis ca<lb n="27" break="no"/>nebas vocibus solamin<supplied reason="lost">a</supplied>,</l>
<l met="trochaic.septenarius"><lb n="28"/>floris abscidens <choice><reg>iuventae</reg><orig>iube<unclear>n</unclear><supplied reason="lost">tae</supplied></orig></choice> <lb n="29"/><unclear>g</unclear>ratias tristi dia<supplied reason="lost">e</supplied>.</l>
</lg></ab></div>
</ab>
            </div>
            <div type="apparatus">
                <p>Text follows Galsterer and Galsterer 2010. Picture checked by Spalla 2025.
l. 5: vix[it annis], CIL; CLE.
l. 29: iuban[te], CLE.</p>
            </div>
            
            <div type="translation" xml:lang="en" resp="Fabio Spalla">
                <p>Front (A):

To the Manes. For Aurelius Timavius, a very sweet and most devoted foster son, who lived seventeen years, his patron Aurelius Maximus put this up.

Born in Dardania, here you lie, my dear Timavius, after many misfortunes, after so many hazards, oh! you relinquish your handsome youth in its first bloom.


Back (B):

To the Manes. To the freedman Aurelius Timavius, foster son of Aurelius Maximus.

You, Timavius, sweet name, you are present here with your vows: the soul which you carried leaves the body, so that your sacred body may stay on earth, your soul may reach  heaven, and the spirit may move everything, for the spirit belongs to the gods. This you were singing to me with your last breaths, in consolation, while the graceful flower of your youth was cut short on that sad day.</p>
            </div>
            
            <div type="translation" xml:lang="Spanish" resp="C. Fernández Martínez">
                <p>A: Nacido allí de familia troyana, mi querido Timavio, después de suertes diversas, después de tantas situaciones peligrosas, dejas, por desgracia, tu hermosa juventud en la flor de la edad.

B: Tú, Timavio, nombre querido, sé favorable a estos buenos deseos. Con ese espíritu del que tú decías que por ser sagrado se escapaba del cuerpo, que el cuerpo se quedaba en la tierra, que el alma viajaba hacia el cielo, que el alma todo lo conmovía -pues el alma es divina-, cuando cantabas consolándome con tus últimas palabras, rompiendo el encanto de tu juventud en flor en un día funesto.</p>
            </div>
            <div type="translation" xml:lang="German" resp="B. Galsterer, H. Galsterer 2010">
                <p>A: Den Manen. Für Aurelius Timavius, das liebste und frommste Mündel, der 17 Jahre lebte, hat Aurelius Maximus, sein Patron, (diesen Grabstein errichtet). In Dardania/Dardanien geboren, mein lieber Timavius, läßt Du hier, nach so vielen Schicksalswendungen, nach so vielen Krisen - ach! - die schöne Jugend hinter Dir, in ihrer eben erst aufgehenden Blüte.

B: Den Manen. Für Aurelius Timavius, Freigelassener und Mündel des Aurelius Maximus. Du, Timavius, Du süßer Name, bist mit Deinen süßen Gebeten anwesend. Daß der göttliche Geist, den Du in Dir trugst, dem Körper entschwindet, daß der Körper auf der Erde zurückbleibt, daß der Geist in den Himmel aufsteigt, daß der Geist alles bewegt, weil der Geist göttlich ist: Mit diesen letzten Worten spendetest Du mir Trost, an jenem traurigen Tag, als die Blüte Deiner Jugend jäh endete.</p>
            </div>
            <div type="translation" xml:lang="Spanish" resp="Y. López Sánchez">
                <p>A: A los Dioses Manes. Para Aurelio Timavio, alumno agradabilísimo y buenísimo, que vivió diecisiete años, (lo hizo) Aurelio Máximo, su patrón. Nacido en Dardania, mi querido Timavio, aquí (yaces), después de tantas desgracias, después de tantos momentos adversos, ¡ay!, abandonas tu hermosa juventud en su primera flor.

B: A los Dioses Manes. Para Aurelio Timavio, liberto y alumno de Aurelius Maximus. Tú, Timavio, dulce nombre, estás presente con tus dulces deseos: que el espíritu sagrado, que llevabas, se escape del cuerpo, que el cuerpo permanezca en la tierra, que el espíritu ascienda al cielo, que el espíritu lo mueva todo, porque el espíritu es de los dioses. Con estas últimas palabras me cantabas como consuelo, cuando se truncaban los favores de tu flor de juventud en aquel triste día.</p>
            </div>
            
            <div type="commentary">
                <p>Dating proposed by López Sánchez. Lazzaro proposes an uncertain dating to either the 2nd or 3rd century AD.</p>
            </div>
            <div type="bibliography">
                <listBibl>
                    <bibl>CIL 13, 08371</bibl>
                    <bibl>CLE 02152</bibl>
                    <bibl>B. Galsterer, H. Galsterer, Römische Steinschriften aus Köln, Köln 1975, 84, no. 363 (with photos, tab. 80)</bibl>
                    <bibl>L. Lazzaro, Esclaves et affranchis en Belgique et Germanies romaines d&#39;après les sources épigraphiques, Besançon 1993, 243-244, no. 278 (also on alternative dating)</bibl>
                    <bibl>W. Faust, Die Grabstelen des 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts im Rheingebiet, Köln and Bonn 1998, 119-120.</bibl>
                    <bibl>C. Fernández Martínez, Poesía epigráfica latina II, Madrid 1999, 330, no. 2152 (Spanish translation of the hexameters and septenaries)</bibl>
                    <bibl>A. Kakoschke, Ortsfremde in den römischen Provinzen Germania Inferior und Germania Superior. Eine Untersuchung zur Mobilität in den germanischen Provinzen anhand der Inschriften des 1. bis 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr., Möhnesee 2002, 35, no. 1.32.</bibl>
                    <bibl>B. Galsterer, H. Galsterer, Die römischen Steininschriften aus Köln, Mainz 2010, 381-382 (with German translation and photos, 381)</bibl>
                    <bibl>N. Brancato, Una componente trasversale nella società romana: gli alumni. Inscriptiones latinae ad alumnos pertinentes commentariumque, Roma 2015, 27, no. 44-45.</bibl>
                    <bibl>B. Amiri, Esclaves et affranchis des Germanies: Mémoire en fragments, Stuttgart 2016, 25, n. 76, 27, n. 79, 61, n. 255 (A), 109, 155, n. 509, 156 (A), 157(B).</bibl>
                    <bibl>P. Noelke, Kölner Antikensammlungen und -studien vom Humanismus bis zur Aufklärung und ihr Kontext im deutschen Sprachraum. In: Kölner Jahrbuch, Vol. 49, Berlin 2016, 628.</bibl>
                    <bibl>C. Cenati, P. Kruschwitz, Poetic Baggage: Representations of Camp Followers in the Latin Verse Inscriptions, Electrum 31 (2024), 167, n. 45.</bibl>
                    <bibl>Y. López Sánchez, Carmina Latina Epigraphica Germaniarum, Seville 2024, 405-419, no. 5 (with Spanish translation and photos, 405, figg. 115-116; also on dating)</bibl>
                    <bibl>https://edcs.hist.uzh.ch/monument/01200210 | EDCS-01200210</bibl>
                    <bibl>https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/inschrift/HD076052 | HD076052</bibl>
                    <bibl>https://www.mqdq.it/textsce/CE|ce|2152 | MQDQ</bibl>
                    
                </listBibl>
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